THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE UNIVERSITY IDEA: FROM THE FIRST HISTORICAL TYPE TO THE FIRST CRISIS

Abstract

It is analyzed the formation of the first historical type of University in Middle Age; it is defined it’s characteristic
features; it is formulated the mission of the medieval university in State`s and Church`s opinion; it is emphasized the
role of the first universities in the context of civilization development; it is analyzed the main archetype models of
Middle Age universities; it is defined the features of the first global crisis of University. Among them are:
• loss of autonomy by universities on account of subordinating to the interests of different political forces
which, in turn, were always more or less dissatisfied with them;
• loss by university the status of «stadium generale», as they no longer appeal to the Christian world.
The limits of their activities have become more geographically local, due to the split of the church and the
development of centralized states, under influence of which it has been transformed the ideas of universality,
cosmopolitism to the ideal of national self-determination that needed to be fixed in the level of higher education;
• partial loss of academic freedom and the former privileges. Civic authorities began to take the place of the
church, being not only guarantee, but also limiter of academic freedom of students and professors who were the
targets of management.